International Journal of Applied Business and Management Studies
The International Journal of Applied Business and Management Studies (IJABMS) is an international, open access journal publishing original research in business and management. The journal covers strategic and organizational management, organizational behaviour and human resource management, marketing, accounting and financial management, entrepreneurship and small business, operations and supply chain management, and the organizational dimensions of digital transformation and sustainability. Both quantitative and qualitative designs are welcome, as are rigorous case based studies. All submissions undergo double anonymous peer review. The journal publishes two issues per year through 2026. From 2027 it moves to a continuous publication model, releasing one volume per year with articles published online as soon as they are ready. No fees are charged to authors or readers.
Talented employees' identification in public organization in Saudi Arabia
This research aims at investigating talented employee identification in public organization in the context of Saudi Arabia. In order to achieve the research aim, the researcher has conducted semi- structured interview with 18 human resource managers in public organizations. Following the analysing the result, this paper demonstrates that public originations need to improve its system and policies regarding talented employee identification.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muteb Ahmed Alamri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of ethnic discrimination on promotion practices along with moderating role of upward influence: A study on public sector universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
This study examined the effect of ethnic discrimination on promotion practices along with moderating role of upward influence. Data was collected from Pushtoon managerial and non-managerial employees working in public sector universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Using convenient sampling technique, 300 self-administered close ended questionnaires were distributed in public sector universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Hypotheses were tested using linear regression technique. Results revealed that ethnic discrimination has significant effect on promotion practices but the upward influence has insignificant effect on promotion practices. On the other hand, the upward influence moderate between ethnic discrimination and promotion practices. Implications for research and practice have been delineated.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghazal Khawaja Hummayun Akhtar, Saad Farooq, Muhammad Usman, Amina Amin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Framework for evaluating the social housing homeownership policies: Public value perspective
This research evaluates social housing home-ownership policies from a public value perspective. However, during late 1970s council housing sector influenced the UK Governments to reflect back on the social housing reform from traditional toward progressive management organisations. Such a transformation in central Government policy motivates the local governments to allocate other organisation such as Housing Associations to build more homes for the needy citizens and to improve accountability, efficiency, and effectiveness of council housing provisions, particularly in the local communities. Currently, government departments are continuously cutting their administration budgets by reducing numbers of employees and creating even redundancy in the local communities. This particular policy reform increases the high-risk and such reform will not proceed as planned and more importantly neglecting the public value. The aim of this research is to evaluate the social housing homeownership policies through the lens of public value that drives the decision-making process to construct a conceptual framework to enhance accountability and efficiency of tenant/customer service delivery. However, currently huge changes in the governmental legislation frameworks are familiarising on a regular basis in order to put the tenants first and deliver most suitable services. These changes will focus on different home-ownership initiatives to facilitate more opportunities for the need to improve service responsiveness, particularly in the homeownership management. Using Delphi method through a process of the qualitative case study, workshops and depth interview from the local authorities to evaluate how council housing policies formulated particularly in homeownership strategies. The current research has identified how the home-ownership policies housing is formulated and how social housing suppliers should improve customer or tenant service delivery. The main results should indicate from constructed conceptual framework from the research design and development, which must have its novelty regarding academic implications such as conceptual framework and empirical implications, must benefit local citizens for homeownership policies and practices. In summary, achieving clear vision behind housing reform and policy-making decisions to understand the drivers of these processes, which will construct a conceptual framework for decision support system of social housing homeownership policies. The novelty of this research will be unique which has its specific comprehensive consideration in regards to social housing provision of the home-ownership policy. It shows the pubic value perspective rather than indicating to a more technical aspect of home-ownership policy reform and management. Similarly, the research identifies the need for managers to become more alert of the different implications of social housing aspects and the requirement features must be combined into proper home-ownership policies framework. Also, originality of the research is that it has tried to obtain an understanding a vision into the cognitive processes like conceptual psychological process through the lens of public value. To understand the process of the decision-making that can be an asset of the top management in the local authorities. Furthermore, identify the key drivers of social housing in order to develop a conceptual framework, which will support decision-making process simpler for home-ownership policy particularly in the UK.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jawed Sadiqi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Do causes and consequences of stress affect genders differently at operational level? Comparison of the IT sectors in the UK and Pakistan
The aim is examining the variation in causes and consequences of stress among contrasting gender in IT sector of Karachi (Pakistan) and London (UK). The potential impact of stressors on the organisational commitment of employees are examined through self-constructed 'stress model'. Through snowball and purposive sampling techniques, total 419 respondents (205 from Karachi and 214 from London) were targeted to attain quantitative perspective through on-line matrix based semi-structured survey questionnaire. Results showed that there is significant difference in causes of stress among contrasting gender. Moreover, male workers experience higher stress than females at operational level. Further, London workforce experience lower stress than Karachi workforce due to social support programme at workplace. There is significant variation in causes of stress as findings showed personal factors are leading stressors for females while organisational and environmental factors causes stress for males. Job demand, leadership, and economic uncertainty are negatively affecting male's organisational commitment while family problems and personality clashes are affecting female's organisational commitment in contrasting economies. The consequences of stress are similar for both types of employees however, males showed cognitive symptoms while females are more effectively using personal resources to over their stress and exhibit behavioural symptoms. Females have higher affective and normative commitment while males demonstrate normative commitment. Pakistan workforce demonstrated high level of stress than UK workforce.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adnan ul Haque, John Aston, Eugene Kozlovski (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mobile word of mouth (MWOM) in messaging applications: An integrative framework of the impact of MWOM communication
Electronic word of mouth simply refers to brand-related conversations between consumers, and it has been considered as one of the most helpful information sources. The advent of mobile messaging applications (e.g. WhatsApp, Viber, Line) has freely and easily allowed customers to do brand-related conversations usingtheir smartphones, which is called mobile word of mouth (MWOM). The aim of this research is to develop an integrative framework of the impact of MWOM communication among consumers. To do this, we applied five well-establiesdrobust marketing and information systems theories: Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Technology Acceptance Model, Information Adoption Model, and Information Acceptance Model. The framework developed in this study provides an important foundation for future MWOM research work.
Copyright (c) 2026 İsmail Erkan, Abdulaziz Elwalda, Mushfiqur Rahman, Serap Sap, Seden Doğan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment within the SMEs of Karachi
The mediating role of job satisfaction between transformational leadership style and the organizational commitment within the SMEs in Karachi is the aim of this study. The correlation between variables is explored through quantitative methods. Total 190 respondents participated from 49 SMEs in Karachi. The results showed that job satisfaction has significant mediating role between variables of interest. This study confirmed that there is a positive strong correlation between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. Employees having high job satisfaction showed higher organizational commitment. Females scored more in comparison to males in terms of overall organizational commitment. However, males have high affective and normative while females have high continuance commitment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rao Shahzaib Khan, Bismah Rao, Khurram Usman, Safia Afzal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Organizational Culture on the Pakistani Hotels Workforce's Job Satisfaction: Qualitative Report
The influence of organizational culture on the level of job satisfaction depends on the ability to cope up with the stress and working environment. This investigation tackle the purpose of Denison's prototypical for searching the organizational culture and Spector JGS assessment to inspect workforce job gratification in the course of 5 points Likert Scale. The investigation studied 220 hotel employees from middle range 3 star hotels in Pakistan. For interpretation, researchers chiefly used MS Excel for classifying, coding, and fractionizing raw facts into processed meaningful themes. Current investigation demonstrates that employee's job satisfaction chiefly dependent on organizational culture. The study undertakes in the direction of achieving organizational goals by initiating fortify strategies towards building the strength to obtain the objective. Moreover if organizations built a strong environment of learning as a part of their culture than it boosts the commitment level of employees. Further, it also helps employees to unfolding their career achievements. On the other hand, it is observed that females are occupied with higher level of job satisfaction while males have lower. Although, high level of job satisfaction exists but its more evident by this research that premiums, bonuses, and other types of incentives aid employees to lead from low level of job satisfaction to reach on their higher apex level of job satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mairum Zahid, Taha Shaikh, Syeda Zufiesha Zehra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
How 'organizational factors' outclass 'personal factors' in retaining Female Employees in Indian IT SMES
The article examines organizational and personal factors in relation to the retention of the female workers in the IT SMEs. The organizations operating in the business cities of India were targeted using convenience sampling technique. In addition to that, purposive sampling was used for reaching only female participants. Total 250 females out of 380 completed survey from 30 different software SMEs. The findings of this cross-sectional study reflects that the effectiveness of organizational factors such as work-life balance practices and policies, supervisory support, and technological assistance enable female workers to exhibit higher performance under stress. Interestingly, the myth of personal factor such as personality, well-being, and emotional intelligence previously found to be effective, in actual does not improve retention rate of female workers at operational level. In addition to that, detailed analysis revealed that supervisory support is most closely interlinked with retention, followed by policies and procedures of Work Life Balance, and lastly technological assistance. Moreover, societal norms have significant role to certain extent in the creating retention related perception of female workers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sree Lekshmi Sreekumaran Nair, John Aston, Eugene Kozlovski (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Various Economic Factors in accessing Finance within the Business Sector: Cases from UK Financial Services Companies
This paper investigates the impact of various econmic factors such as inflation, interest rate, financial crises, and government regulations on the access to finance in the business sector specifically considering the financial experts' persepctive operating in the UK financial services companies. The study examines the relationship between variables of interest in post recession period. Total five out of top fifty British Financial Services' Companies were selected through convenience sampling. Addtionally, 38 respondents were selected through purposive sampling, based on their knowledge, level of management, and experiences in the sector. The findings showed that interest rate, government regulations, and financial crises have signigicant relationship in accessing financial resource. Interestingly, 83% remain neutral about the relationship between inflation and raising funds.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marouan Sghair, John Aston (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Job satisfaction and organizational commitment under Traditional and Modern T&D program: Evidence from Public Banking Sector of Pakistan
This article investigates the impact of traditional and modern training programs on the overall performance and commitment to employees in public banking sector of Pakistan. Additionally, the study examines the relationship between antecedents of organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Bank of Khyber, First Women Bank, National Bank of Pakistan, Sindh Bank, and The Bank of Punjab are currently operating public banks in Pakistan. Thus, all five considered in this study using strata sampling technique. Total 26 Branch Managers participated in interviews whereas 292 completed survey questionnaire. Results showed modern T&D methods preferred by contractual employees whereas permanent employees prefer traditional methods of training and development. Moreover, T&D significantly affect the continuance commitment (CC) of female employees whereas salary increment enhances males' normative commitment (NC) and affective commitment (AC). Additionally, both modern and traditional T&D methods improve job satisfaction. AC and NC are relatively higher in public bank employees in comparison to CC, resulting from training and development program.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akhtar Baloch, Abuzar Wajidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact ofOccupational Stress on Employees at Project BasedOrganizations (PBOs) in Pakistan
This paper discusses the stress management impacts on the employee performances at workplace. Additionally, research evaluates the stress control's role in increasing employee motivation and overall satisfaction in project based organizations. Survey questionnaire and open-ended interviews are primary instruments used in this study. Total 112 employees participated in survey questionnaire while total 26 managers were interviewed. Findings revealed that unrealistic demands generate stress at workplace. Interestingly, we found traditional assumption of pay scale creating stress is opposed as 57% respondents have content with the pay scale thus pay scale is not the fundamental factor for generating stress. Furthermore, stress exists and operates in both micro and macro environment having equally significant impact on individuals. Their respective performance hinder due to decline in the working efficiency and quality work. Interestingly, we found that work-life balance is not effective in stress reduction but act as additional stressor for employees under chronic stress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nasreen Zehra, Riffat Faizan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance Management in Public Institutions: An Overall Evaluation
Performance management is a process that is directly related to the performance of employees. However, performance management is not only an issue for employees but also an important issue for employers. Because both employees and employers should be trained in performance management so that this process can be implemented in the best possible way. If necessary, the employer must also be able to reward the employee, such as a bonus or salary increase, based on performance. It is thought that private institutions and organizations are more successful in performance management system than public institutions. Here too, it is seen that in public institutions the activities and the services offered are not known precisely and there is no purpose of profit. However, today, public institutions also attach importance to performance management. This study primarily focuses on the definition of performance management, its purpose, its benefits and processes, and its conceptual framework. Then, performance management in public institutions, the benefits of performance management in public institutions, the processes of performance management and limitations of performance management in public institutions are explained
Copyright (c) 2026 Özlem Sökmen Gürçam, Rabia Ceren Tekin Rabia Ceren Tekin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Workplace Safety and Industrial Accidents in Korea: Forecasting Fatalities for 2018 2018-2019
Workplace safety is every workers’ basic human right that have to be exercised for the well- being and survival of the employees. Among OECD countries, Korea has the highest fatality rate in workplace. Numerous studies have been conducted on this issue but majority of them were focused on diagnosis of the causes only after the accidents occur. This study analyzes historical workplace fatality data to forecast the industrial accident patterns of the upcoming two years, so that prev entive measures to decrease fatality in workplace can be discussed before they happen. Four different forecasting methods are applied and decomposition method produce the least amount of error terms. Result of analysis shows that, during 2018 and 2019, even though there will be a very slight decrease, patterns of industrial accident in Korea are expected to remain similar with previous years. Discussion on more initiatives for accelerating the decreasing trend of industrial accidents in workplace is presented.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ulas Cakar, Haeeun Kim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Relationship between attributional style and personality traits androle of gender differences
A number of studies in the field of psychology found that negative and positive attributional styles leads different cognitive differences. Also, personality related studies found neurotic and extrovert types have found similar cognitive d ifferences as in attributional styles. Although, the related literature shows similarities in terms of empirical findings, the studies about the relationship between these concepts are sparse. Importantly, as we observe gender differences may lead distinct influences in emotion, cognition as well as in daily life, it is important to include role of gender differences in the potential relationship between attributional style and personality types. Therefore, in the present study we include gender differences as well to investigate relationships between these concepts. Overall, we aim at investigating relationship between attributional style and personality by putting into account gender differences. To do that, 110 (50 Women, 60 Men) were employed to fill att ributional style questionnaire and Eysenck personality questionnaire. As a result, negative attributional style was positively correlated with neurotic personality whereas positive attributional style was positively correlated with extravert personality. T hese correlations were stronger in men than in women. However, no significant correlations were found between attributional styles and psychotic personality. We concluded that there is a potential relationship between attributional styles and neurotic and extravert personality types and this relationship may be moderated by gender differences as evident by strong correlation between this concepts in men.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmi Saylik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) on theperformance of Small business in Karachi
This paper examines the impact of employee stock ownership plans on the overall performance of the organizations. From the five decades literature, the conceptual underpinning formed includes variables of interest namely; employees' motivation, job commitment, employees' turnover, and productivity/profitability of the firms. The paper follows positivist philosophy with deductive approach to gain numerical significance. Total 280 respondents targeted using c ombination of probability (random) sampling and non non-probability (convenience and snowball) sampling techniques. The statistical tests, which are used to test the hypotheses, are regression and correlation. Results showed that they exists statistically sign ificant correlation between ESOPs and overall performance of the organization. Interestingly, the nature of relationship is positive but the strength is moderate to weaker. Employees' turnover has moderate positive significant correlation (r=. 541, p < a, 0.000 < 0.005) while all others have weak positive weak significant correlation with ESOPs. Based on findings, the managerial implications are discussed at the end of the paper to enhance organizational performances.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
HR Training's Impact on the Overall Performances: A survey ofBudgeted Hotels in India and Pakistan
This qualitative research is commenced at the 2 2-stars hotels in the India and Pakistan to investigate the impact of the HR training on the overall performance of the employees in the Eastern part of world. The study is mainly carried with the aim to establish a correlation between HR training and the ac tual performance of employees. The literature showed that employee commitment and performance are due to effective HR practices inside the organisation. This study is consisted with the theories related to correlation between HR training and actual perform ance. The literature at hand and present findings both indicate that there is significant and strong relation between research variables in the east part of world. Using purposive sampling exactly 600 respondents in survey by having equal 300 from each cou ntry through self self-administered questionnaire were used. The survey questionnaire used in research is degree degree-based matrix one, developed based on Likert scale. The results confirmed that HR training has significant impact on employees’ overall performance in both countries . Furthermore, present study confirmed that training is an essential tool to motivate employees as those perceiving training as an opportunity for the growth in careers performs better. Social orientation due to training is higher in Pakist an but career aspects and other factors are more visible in India. Lastly, job rotation is a recommended strategy for better performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Swapna Jose, Nasreen Zehra, Riffat Faizan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Factors For the Building of The European Pillar of Social Rights as an Instrument for Social Cohesion in The European Union
The social dimension of the European Union and its further development is a part of the debate on the future development of the Union as a whole. It was included as a priority in the Declaration adopted by the EU leaders at the Rome Summit on 25 March 2017 and in the European Commission's Reflection Paper on the Social Dimension of Europe following the presentation of the White Paper on the Future of Europe. On 17 November 2017, the Presidents of the European Parliament, the Council of the EU and the European Commission jointly proclaimed the creation of the European Pillar of Social Rights. Building a fairer Europe is a priority of the current composition of the European Commission (2014-2019) and will most likely remain among the priorities of the next. The paper aims to analyse the factors underlying the creation of the EU Social Pillar. For this purpose, the authors have analysed the current social situation in the EU member states with regard to certain social indicators (unemployment, risk of poverty and social exclusion, and income inequality), the differences in their performance and the main factors underlying them. The hypothesis of the authors is that the significant differences in the social status of the EU citizens, both between the member states and within the individual countries, is the major factor why the EU’s social policy needs to be deepened both at national and at Union level, and that the creation of the European social pillar is a step in the right direction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Monika Moraliyska, Gerald Tola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Economic impacts of FDI inflows: A literature review
FDI inflows have been raised considerably during the past four decades and had many economic, social, and institutional effects in all the countries. This study researched the relevant empirical literature on the economic effects of FDI inflows in various countries. We revealed that FDI inflows had significant effect on economic growth, unemployment, financial sector development, tax revenues, and environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yılmaz Bayar , Ayse Gul Ozogul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Occupational Diseases: Research on Airport Security Staff in Turkey
Although safety in the aviation industry seems to be a priority, security is also important. Considering unlawful events in the civil aviation industry, security has become a top priority. the most advanced technological products are used at the airports, intended to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. Most of the security given at the airports are providing by private security staff. The places and conditions of the labor responsible for security were investigated. Occupational diseases which may be related to working conditions are emphasized. The causes of occupational diseases were collected and analyzed by applying the scale. In the first part of the study, the definition of occupational diseases is emphasized. Laws and regulations related to occupational health and safety in Turkey were examined. In the second chapter, occupational health and safety are taken in aviation. In the third part, 562 people who are private security officers were surveyed at various airports. As a result of the analysis, the diseases found in the security officers were investigated, it was investigated how many occupational diseases may be present. Suggestions were made considering the results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Savaş Selahattin Ateş, Harun Yılmaz, Şinasi Muratoğlu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of firm attributes on share prices of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria
This study examined the impact of firm attributes on share prices of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria. The study used descriptive and explanatory research designs, utilizing secondary data from the annual reports and accounts of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria for a period of ten years (2007 - 2016). The data are analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression (OLS and GLS) analysis. The study found that profitability, board size and board gender have significant positive impact on share prices of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria. Managerial and institutional share ownership however, have significant negative impact on share prices of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria. It is therefore concluded that listed industrial goods companies with high profits and large board sizes that are highly gender diverse tend to have higher share prices than their counterparts. The study recommended among others, that users of accounting information should be objective in assessing firm profitability in order to make wise investment decisions. The shareholders of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria should increase their Board size and female gender representation as this has a lot of benefits attached to it which can enhance their share prices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najaatu Bala Rabiu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Organizational and Digital Transformation Projects: A Mathematical Model for a Dynamic Enterprise-Ecosystem Model (DEM)
Organizational and digital transformation projects are of strategic importance for enterprises, but such initiatives are very complex and have a very high failure. Taking these two critical factors, it is important de define a strategic concept base on a Polymathic-holistic approach, iterative implementation phases and a structure approach. These critical factors are the basis for an Applied Holistic Mathematical Model (AHMM) for a DEM (AHMM4DEM). The Enterprise’s or organization’s (ENT) Transformation (and Refinement) Processes (RP) are a sequence (or sets) of extraction and conversion steps that are executed on various levels. An ENT is a set of Organizational Units (OU)n where an OU has one or more OU Platform (OUP). An RP on the OU’s level refines and transforms this OU and its OUP(s). A DEM for an ENT has to be capable of reorganizing its basic APplication Domain (APD) functions, OUs and all its functions. ENT’s functions are RPed into Building Blocks (BB) which can be reused to reused to (re)engineer OUs and OUPs. OUs are then (re)assembled in ENTs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Antoine Trad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Suppliers Characteristics affecting the Supply Chain Disruption: A Case Study of RB (Reckitt Benckiser)
The present research project is carried out to investigate the impact of characteristics of suppliers on the supply chain disruption at RB. The relationship between characteristics of suppliers (persistence, agility, and adaptability) and cost and frequency of supply chain is explored through cross sectional research design. Researchers used pragmatic philosophy to carry out this research by using online survey questionnaire in a cross-sectional research design. The sample size for present study is 48 employees of RB selected through inferential statistic technique. In addition to that, the respondents are selected through convenience sampling technique. The findings showed that there is a strong relationship between the characteristics of suppliers and cost and frequency of supply chain process. Furthermore, the adaptability is most significant and visible characteristic of suppliers that is causing disruption, followed by agility and lastly persistence. Moreover, findings showed that flexibility is main contributing factor of agility causing discrepancies in supply chain process. The descriptive statistics, correlation and regression, and ANOVA test revealed that there is significant positive relationship between research variables. The suppliers' characteristics affect the cost and frequency of supply chain as 71% and 83% of respondents agreed to it. The ANOVA results showed 0.29 that confirms the relationship between research variables.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Taha Ahmed, Muhammad Ammar Alam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Organisational Stressors on The Organisational Commitment of Contrasting Gender Working at London City Airport
The project investigates the impact of the organisational stressors on the organisational commitment of the employees working at the London City Airport, UK. This cross-sectional research considered the literature of the last five decades to investigate the research problem however, for the purpose of analysis the literature is mainly from last one decade. The theories and models of stress are evaluated along with the antecedents of the organisational commitment. Using mixed methodology, total 38 survey respondents and 12 interviews were conducted through non-probability (quota and convenience) sampling technique. The Pearson Correlation confirmed that the organisational stressors have strong significant positive relationship with normative commitment (=0.91), moderate relationship with continuance commitment (=0.56) and weak positive relationship with affective commitment (=0.42). Additionally, the results confirmed that organisational stressors affect the organisational commitment of the males and females differently. Males have higher normative commitment while females have higher affective and continuance commitment. Additionally, results confirmed that task demands highly affect males whereas females are commonly affected by interpersonal relations. Lastly, the consequences of stress also vary for males and females as males showed higher behavioural symptoms (43%) while females exhibited psychological symptoms (57%). The recommendations are proposed at the end of the research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Abdullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Correlation Between Resilience (Suppliers Characteristics) and Supply Chain Disruption: Evidence From Dairy SMEs in Pakistan
This quantitative study examines the correlation between suppliers’ characteristics (resilience) and supply chain disruption process. The dimensions of resilience include; persistence, agility and adaptability while supply chain disruption contains frequency and cost. Through deductive reasoning in this cross-sectional research design the total of 31 employees working in the diary SMEs in Pakistan were approached using purposive, convenience, referral and networking approach. The self-administered survey questionnaire developed on 5-points Likert scale was emailed to respondents. Results confirmed that adaptability’s magnitude of the coefficient of correlation with frequency as well as cost is strong and positive while persistence has positive moderate correlation with both components of disruption; cost and frequency. The correlation of adaptability and persistence with supply chain disruption is statistically significant. Furthermore, regression analysis confirmed that both; persistence and adaptability have significant impact of the supply chain disruption. Agility has positive weak moderate magnitude while the correlation is insignificant. Furthermore, agility have no significant impact on the supply chain disruption process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadeem Hussain, Zuhaib Asghar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact Various Determinants Interlinked With The Job Satisfaction and Employees Performance at Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), Pakistan
The impact of the interlinked determinants (nature of work, opportunities for promotion, relationship with the co-workers, relationship with the supervisors, and existing pay) with the job satisfaction and employees' performance was examined at the PIA through cross-sectional research strategy. Total 42 employees participated in the survey included through combining purposive and convenience sampling technique. Findings revealed that there is strong positive upward linear correlation between job satisfaction and employees' performance (r=0.905) and statistically significant (p=0.001). In addition to that, the opportunities for learning, relationship with co-workers, and existing pay has statistically significant role while relationship with supervisor and nature of work have non-significant role in relation to employees' performance and job satisfaction. Lastly, the existing pay is most dominant among all factors that mediate employees' performance and job satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naushad Siddiqui, Mohammad Abdullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Big data usage in electrical distribution systems: A review
By this study, author aims for reader to get basic knowledge about relation between data and distribution systems and big-data analytics concept on energy distribution systems. Concept of intelligent energy systems, namely smart grid is described. Big-data basics is explained. Benefits of data-driven systems are searched. A detailed information about applications of big-data on distribution systems is given. Sources of energy big-data is mentioned. Finally, we point out the challenges of managing big data-driven distribution systems. Affect of big-data analytics of energy efficiency. A comprehensive review on big data driven smart energy management applications is presented.
Copyright (c) 2026 Okan Şen, K. Çağatay Bayındır (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Analytical Study: Understanding and Realization Towards The Notion of Intercultural Communicative Competence
The ever-expanding concept of globalization is becoming a part of our routine working and living so the profession of teaching is also not remained untouched by its effects. “Intercultural and pluralingualismen-counters” (Bastos & Sá, 2014) are getting common and bringing challenges with them. In this very scenario it’s becoming essential to give way to the development of Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC). The concept is very much facilitating in the field of second language teaching. In this thematic study the following concerns will be analyzed: (a) how much the background studies support this concept; (b) to what extent it is important to spread awareness about it; and (c) what is the status of awareness of ICC in Pakistani academia. The findings of the analyses ensured us about the dire need of ICC awareness amongst language teachers and moreover its practical aspects for the improvement of SLT practices at all levels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arshad Saleem, Amber Nasreen Anjum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Fiscal Decentralisation Through 7th NFC Award on Healthcare and Basic Education in Balochistan, Pakistan
The 7th National Finance Commission (NFC) Award, passed and implemented in 2009, not only has changed the distribution criteria among the provinces by including more indicators – poverty, reverse population, revenue share and population, though the latter with lion share (82%) – it also enhanced the vertical share of the provinces in divisible pool. The 7th NFC has significantly affected the landscape of resource distribution with positive consequences in Pakistan with postitive consequences on the principles of its federal structure. Owing to this, the provinces in Pakistan now have far better fiscal space with significant autonomy to allocate resources to critical social and economic sectors pertaining to services delivery to the people. Balochistan like other provinces witnessed a quantum jump in receiving transfers from the divisible pool and straight transfers which could potentially be translated into better social services delivery. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the 7th NFC Award on two sectors – health and education – in Balochistan by using a balanced panel dataset 1985-2014. A rich and unique dataset is gathered from various sources of the Government of Balochistan, and is analyzed by using different statistical techniques and econometric models. The empirical results show that while in post 7th NFC Award, where the share of Balochistan in divisible pool and straight transfers has increased many folds, the quality and quality in health and education sectors despite receiving large-scale budgetary allocations failed to witness a marked improvement. The results further demonstrate that while the infrastructure of healthcare and education sectors has shown a slight improvement, the same has not been translated for the benefit of the much-desired outcomes such as gross enrollment rates, number of primary schools, pass-out ratio in secondary schools examination, the overall literacy rate etc. The reason of such ineffectiveness and inefficiency of Balochistan in providing better education and healthcare could be many. But the key among them is the ‘elite capture’ in line with the bureaucratic and political class corruption and sheer embezzlement of public finances that is widely documented in the province.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manzoor Ahmed, Akhtar Baloch (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Economic Impacts of Tourism: A Literature Research
Tourism sector has considerably expanded and become a significant item of global export. The tourism sector has led many economic, environmental, social, and cultural impacts. In this study, we researched the empirical literature on the impacts of tourism on economic growth, employment, and balance of payments. The empirical literature revealed that tourism sector made a positive contribution to economic growth, employment, and balance of payments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yilmaz Bayar , Tuğba Betül Özav (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Relationship between Financial Markets and Economic Growth: The Case Study of Georgia
The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between financial markets and economic growth in Georgia. In this study, causality relationship between financial development indices representing financial markets and gross domestic product representing economic growth was investigated by using annual data for the period of 1995-2017. According to the results of the Breitung and Candelon (2006) Frequency Domain Causality Test, it was observed that there was no causal relationship between the development in the financial markets and economic growth, but the economic growth positively affected the productivity in the financial markets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naib Alakbarov, Rakhshada Murshudova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0